[08.07.25 美国 华盛顿邮报] 北京污染指数继续上升

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【标题】 Beijing's Air Pollution Index Rises Despite City's Efforts 虽然市政府努力，北京的污染指数仍继续上升
【来源】http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp ... 8.html?hpid=topnews
【翻译】dakelv
【声明】本文翻译仅限Anti-CNN使用，谢绝转载。

【原文】
Beijing's Air Pollution Index Rises Despite City's Efforts
   

By Maureen Fan
Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday, July 25, 2008; 11:18 AM

BEIJING, July 25 -- Beijing's air pollution index rose steadily this week at the same time that the city has tried to cut traffic volume in half. Readings Thursday and Friday were over 100 and considered unhealthy for children, seniors and those with allergies or asthma.

The climb from a reading of 55 on Sunday to 110 on Friday -- despite six days of forcing Beijing motorists to drive on alternate days -- underscored the formidable challenge authorities face in trying to clear the air before athletes begin competing in the Aug. 8-24 Olympic Games.

Already, one marathon world-record holder has refused to compete in Beijing because of health and pollution concerns, and International Olympic Committee officials have said endurance events might have to be postponed due to the city's unrelenting smog.

"For the first four days since July 20th, they were good days. For the last two days they were not," said Du Shaozhong, deputy general-director of the Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, who nevertheless argued that the capital's air quality was actually better compared with the same period last year.

"In the last few days there have not been significant rainfalls or winds," Du said. "And the weather conditions in the last few days were not conducive to the diffusion of airborne pollutants."

While uncontrollable factors such as the weather have worked against the city, many problems are entirely man-made. The largest contributing factor to Beijing's air pollution is vehicle emissions, Du has said in the past. Thanks to growing public demand and friendly government policies toward car manufacturers, Beijing adds more than 1,000 new cars to its streets every day.

Beijing does not count two of the most dangerous pollutants that can harm the respiratory system -- ozone and fine particulate matter. It measures a larger kind of particulate matter known as PM 10 but not the smaller and more harmful PM 2.5 that has been found to enter the bloodstream and cause heart attacks and strokes in sensitive individuals.

Officials say they monitor ozone, but they do not publish or share that data with the public. Ozone and sulfur dioxide attack tissue in the airways, harming the ability to process oxygen.

Beijing measures pollutants around the clock at 27 different monitoring stations across the city, but it has also come under fire for moving some of those stations from dirtier, urban neighborhoods to cleaner, suburban areas.

Last Aug. 8, a year before next month's opening ceremony, Beijing's air pollution index was 88.

This is considered a so-called "blue sky" day by Chinese standards but indicates a concentration of fine particulate matter that is more than twice the World Health Organization's standard, according to Steven Q. Andrews, an independent environmental consultant who has reviewed Beijing's environmental data.

By Beijing's own imperfect measurements, the air on Thursday and Friday was unhealthy for people who belong to sensitive groups.

In a last-minute push to help clear the skies, the government imposed a series of Olympic-related restrictions that kicked in July 20.

In addition to mandating alternate-day driving by odd and even license plate numbers, which is supposed to remove 45 percent of the city's 3.3 million cars, Beijing opened Olympic traffic lanes, stopped all but essential truck traffic, staggered work hours, added 2,000 more buses, beefed up subway service and halted all construction work involving earth, stone and concrete.

Since Sunday, the city's air pollution index readings were: 55, 65, 67, 89, 113, and 110.

But, counting from the beginning of July, the concentrations of major pollutants are reportedly 20 percent lower than they were for the same period a year earlier, Du said. "So in that sense, I think it's wrong to say the air pollution in Beijing has worsened recently."

"This shows the measures we have put into place are paying off," Du said. However, he added, "for these effects to be increasingly felt, we'll have to make continued and sustained efforts. Given the geographical location of Beijing, it's rather difficult to improve air quality and cut emissions."

【原文截图】



【译文】

虽然市政府努力，北京的污染指数仍继续上升

北京， 7月25日 -- 北京市的污染指数本周仍稳定上升，虽然市政府已尝试把交通量减少一半。周四和周五的指数超过100，这个指数被认为对儿童，老年人以及过敏和哮喘人群是有害的。

虽然在六天里，北京政府强制性规定机动车隔日行驶，污染指数仍从星期天的55上升到星期五的110。这凸显了政府尝试在运动员开始8月8日至24日的奥运比赛之前清除空气污染方面所遇到的巨大挑战。

已经有一位马拉松世界纪录保持者出于健康和污染方面的担心拒绝到北京参赛。国际奥委会官员也指出，由于北京市持续的烟雾，耐力竞技项目可能不得不延后进行。

“从7月20号开始的四天里，情况不错。但是在过去两天情况不好。”北京环保局副局长杜少中说。但是他同时说，首都的空气质量比去年同时期要好。

“过去几天没有大雨和大风，”杜说。“过去几天的天气情况不利于驱散空气中的污染物质。”

虽然有象天气这样的不可控制因素和市政府做对，很多问题却是人为造成的。北京的最大空气污染源是汽车尾气的排放，杜在过去也提到过。由于大众对汽车需求不断增长，再加上政府对汽车生产商的优惠政策，北京每天上路的新车有1000辆。

北京没有把两个对呼吸系统最有害的污染物考虑在内 - 臭氧和颗粒物。它测量一个被称为PM10的更大一些的颗粒物，但是却不测量一种更小、危害更大的PM2.5颗粒物，而后者会侵入血液系统从而在敏感人群引起心脏病和中风。

官方说他们也监视臭氧，但是却不发表或对大众公布这方面的数据。臭氧和二氧化硫通过攻击呼吸道组织而破坏其处理氧气的能力。

遍布北京的27个不同的监测站全天候测量空气中的污染物，但是同时也因为把有些监测站从污染更严重的市区移到更干净的市郊而受到指责。



去年8月8日，也就是离下月的开幕式一年以前，北京的空气污染指数是88.

根据中国标准，这被认为是所谓的“蓝天”日，但是据调查过北京环境数据的独立环境顾问史蒂文·Q·安德鲁斯说，这个标准中的颗粒物质含量超出了世卫组织标准两倍多。

根据北京自己的有缺陷的测量，周四和周五的空气对敏感人群的健康有害。

为了在最后一刻清洁空气，政府在7月20日实施了一系列与奥运有关的限令。

这些限令包括要求机动按车牌单双号隔日行驶，这一限令预计把北京市的3百30万上路车辆减少45%。除此之外，北京还开通了奥运车道，禁止非必要卡车通行，错开工作时间，增开了2000辆公共汽车，改善地铁服务，和停止一切与土石、水泥有关的建筑施工。

从周日开始，北京市的污染指数分别是：55，65，67，89，113和110.

杜说，从七月以来，空气中主要污染物的含量比去年同期相比降低了20%。“所以从这点来说，我认为北京空气污染在最近加剧的说法是不对的。”

“这表明我们的措施起到了效果，”杜说。但是他接着说，“如果要使这个效果持续下去，我们必须继续、持续努力。由于北京所处的地理位置，改善大气质量和减少排放量都是很困难的。”