【08.08.12 美国 CNN】批评家说中国未能履行奥运承诺
【标题】 China falls short on Olympic promises, critics say 批评家说中国未能履行奥运承诺【来源】[url]http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/12/china.promises/index.html[/url]
【翻译】dakelv
【声明】[color=Red][b]本文翻译仅限Anti-CNN使用，谢绝转载[/b][/color]。
【原文】
China falls short on Olympic promises, critics say
By Chuck Hadad
AC360° Producer
NEW YORK (CNN) -- It's a historic event taking place on an international stage that's been seven years and $40 billion in the making.
The National Stadium, known as the Bird's Nest, is shrouded in smog on opening day of the 2008 Olympics.
Click to view previous image
Opening ceremonies last week of the 2008 Olympic Summer Games were lauded as the most spectacular in history, with pyrotechnics blasting from the top of Beijing, China's National Stadium and a synchronized fireworks display firing off across the capital.
What has been mostly absent from Beijing, however, are protests. Although a unified China is the image that country's government is eager to portray, many human rights groups allege that China has orchestrated a massive cover-up.
Beyond human rights, questions remain about whether China has kept its promises to the world to improve in two other major areas of reform: freedom of the press and pollution cleanup.
Human rights
"In the run up to the Olympics, it seems that Chinese authorities are so obsessed with projecting an image of 'stability' and 'harmony' ... that they have really come down quite hard on human right's activists and lawyers," said Sam Zarifi, Asia-Pacific director for Amnesty International.
In its report "The People's Republic of China: The Olympics Countdown -- Broken Promises," Amnesty International details what it calls a systematic persecution of dissident voices in Beijing and throughout China.
"The Chinese authorities have used the Olympics and the cleanup before the Olympics as an excuse to maintain and extend a draconian detention system that they had called re-education through labor," Zarifi said. "What that really means is that they're punished through forced labor to be taught a lesson ... and thousands of people who have ordinary complaints or demand reforms of the Chinese government have instead been rounded up."
The Amnesty report cites other human rights violations leading up to the Olympics. Amnesty accuses the Chinese government of using surveillance and detention to pursue family members of activists and blocking protesters from traveling to the capital city from other areas, such as China's Sichuan province, which was devastated by an earthquake in May that claimed the lives of nearly 70,000 people.
The Chinese foreign ministry criticized the Amnesy International report, saying it had a biased attitude toward China.
Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao was quoted by China Daily in a news briefing saying, "We hope [Amnesty International] can take off the colored glasses it has worn for many years and see China in an objective way."
Don't Miss
Beijing secured the Olympics in 2001 amid some controversy, with a tacit acknowledgment of concerns over its record on human rights, press freedom and environmental pollution. Even the day before the host city was announced, Wang Wei, then secretary general of the Beijing Olympic Bid Committee, said China was committed to change.
"We are confident that the games coming to China not only promote our economy but also enhance all social conditions, including education, health and human rights," Wang said. "We will give the media complete freedom to report when they come to China."
Press freedom
However, it was quite a different story for reporters as they arrived at the Olympic press center in Beijing. They discovered that many Web sites had been blocked, such as those with information about Tiananmen Square protests, Tibet, Taiwan or the Dalai Lama.
Internet sites are severely regulated throughout China, and limited access to some of the sites was granted only after reporters complained to the IOC.
The same official who assured the international media of "complete freedom" in 2001 took a somewhat different tone last week.
"Yes, we promised to provide free access to the Internet, except for a few [Web sites] that would jeopardize our national security and would not be good for the healthy growth of our young people," said Wang, who is now the executive vice president of Beijing's Olympic organizing committee.
In a statement provided to The Associated Press, Wang said, "As in any other country, there are some kinds of limitations ... however, I think we are going to provide sufficient access for the media to cover the games."
Critics of China's policy on a free press said the problems run much deeper than the lack of access to some Web sites from the Olympic Village.
"China's political reality is a place where no freedom of expression will really be allowable ... this goes for the Chinese people and the foreign journalists," said Xiao Qiang, director of the China Internet Project at the University of California, Berkeley. "[China] is always afraid that if it lets its own people speak freely and spontaneously organize by itself, the Chinese communist party could be endangered or even be threatened."
Foreign journalists in China for the Olympics complain that access to report on anything that extends beyond sporting events has been severely limited. Xiao points to the recent beating and detention of two Japanese journalists who were investigating an alleged terrorist attack in northwestern China as a sign of a government that is not used to a free press.
"They also feel since they got the Olympics, the world is coming anyway by this point, they can just do what they want and just let the world tolerate rather than have to fundamentally change their own behavior," Xiao said.
Chinese officials later apologized for the beating incident.
Pollution
A third major commitment by China in its Olympic bid was to clean up pollution in Beijing. Although government readings on pollution have gone down in the years since China won the bid, they still routinely far exceed World Health Organization guidelines. And at least one American-based environmental consultant believes that China has purposely manipulated its own pollution statistics to give a false impression that more progress has been made.
"Beijing's public air quality reporting has been a misinformation campaign," said Steven Q. Andrews, author of a scientific report on China's air quality and two opinion-editorials on the topic for the Asian edition of The Wall Street Journal.
Andrews cites the closure of two air quality monitoring stations in heavily trafficked areas of Beijing in 2006 as the reason why the number of "Blue Sky days" increased in the past two years.
The Blue Sky program was instituted by the governments in major cities across China as a system to measure acceptable levels of pollution. The criteria for a "Blue Sky day" are still below what many industrialized countries consider good air quality.
When the program was launched in 1998, Beijing had only 100 "Blue Sky days," but last year, that figure rose to 246, a report the Chinese state media hailed as a major improvement.
When asked about the allegations that air quality monitoring stations were shut down, Du Shaozhong, the deputy head of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau, said, "this phenomenon does not exist," according to Time magazine.
Chinese officials did not respond to CNN's request for an interview.
Despite official assurances that the air is safe for competition, athletes and fans have expressed concern over the thick smog covering the entire city.
The American Lung Association went so far as to issue a warning to those attending the games. "Individuals traveling to the 2008 Olympic Summer Games should plan and prepare for the high levels of outdoor pollutant in Beijing ... [and] limit or avoid outdoor exercise," it said.
Beyond highlighting the discrepancies between China's promises and actual reform, critics interviewed by CNN about all three major areas shared one common sentiment: disappointment.
"This is really a significant opportunity lost for the Chinese government to show to the world that they really trust their own people ... a sign of a China that is ready to take its place in the first ranks in the nations of the world," said Amnesty International's Zarifi.
【截图】
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【译文】
[b]批评家说中国未能履行奥运诺言[/b]
纽约 （CNN） - 这是在一个耗资四百亿美元、准备了七年的国际舞台上上演的历史性事件。
上周2008年奥运会的开幕式被誉为奥运史上最壮观的开幕式，焰火在北京和中国国家体育馆上空引爆，同步礼花在首都上空绽放。
但是在北京看不到的当首推抗议活动。虽然一个统一的中国是这个国家的政府最急切地要展示的，但是很多人权组织指控说中国精心策划了一场巨大的掩盖活动。
除了人权之外，中国是否履行了它对世界所许诺的在另外两个主要方面的改革 -媒体自由和污染治理 - 也是一个问题。
[b]人权[/b]
“在准备奥运的过程中，中国官方似乎太过于注重向世界展示一个“稳定”和“和谐”的形象，以至于他们对人权活动家和律师采取了非常严厉的手段，”大赦国际亚太地区主任Sam Zarifi说。
在一个题为“中华人民共和国：奥运倒计时 - 未履行的承诺”的报告中，大赦国际详细描述了在北京和整个中国针对不同政见者所进行的迫害。
“中国官方以奥运和奥运前的清理为借口，保持并扩展一个被他们称之为劳教的严厉的拘留系统，”Zarifi说。“其真实含义就是他们（译注：即被拘留者）通过强制劳动而接受教训。。。数千普通抱怨者或者希望中国政府改革的人则被拘留。”
大赦国际的报告还援引了其他准备奥运期间发生的侵犯人权事件。大赦国际指控中国政府监控并拘留那些活跃人士的家属并阻止抗议者从其他地区，比如在5月大地震中失去近7万人的中国四川省，进入北京。
中国外交部批评大赦国际的报告，说它对中国有偏见。
《中国日报》援引外交部发言人刘建超在一次新闻发布会上说，“我们希望【大赦国际】能摘掉多年来的有色眼镜，客观的看待中国。”
中国在2001年力排众议获得了奥运举办权，并默认了外界对中国人权记录，媒体自由和环境污染等方面的关注。即使在宣布主办城市的前一天，当时的北京奥申委主任王伟还在说中国会致力改变。
“我们有信心，奥运在中国举办不单能促进经济，也能改善教育，卫生及人权等社会状况。”王说。“当媒体到达中国时，我们会给他们充分的报道自由。”
[b]新闻自由[/b]
然而当记者到达北京的奥运报道中心时，情况却不是这样。他们发现许多网站，比如有关天安门广场抗议，西藏，台湾或者达赖喇嘛的网站，都被屏蔽了。
在中国各地，网站被严密控制，当记者向国际奥委会提出控诉后，有些网站才被有限制地打开。
那个在2001年向国际媒体承诺“完全自由”的官员的腔调在上周也有所不同。
“是的，我们承诺提供网络访问自由，除了几个有害国家安全的网站，和对青少年健康发展有害的网站，”王说。王现在是北京奥组委执行副主席。
在一份提交给合众社的陈述中，王说，“象其他国家一样，限制总是有的。。。但是我认为我们会向媒体提供足够的访问权来报道比赛。”
针对中国新闻自由政策的批评家指出，这个问题比奥运村里不能访问某些网站要严重得多。
“中国的政治现实就是从来不会允许真正的言论自由。。。对于中国人和外国媒体都是一样的，”加州大学伯克利分院中国因特网项目主任肖强（音译）说。”【中国】向来害怕如果它允许它的人民言论自由，自行结社，那么中国共产党就会受到危害甚至威胁。”
在中国报道奥运的外国记者抱怨说，报道奥运以外的任何事情都受到非常严重的限制。肖说最近两个报道中国西北恐怖攻击事件的日本记者被殴打和拘留，表明了中国政府还不习惯于新闻自由。
“他们还认为既然他们已经拿到了奥运主办权，这个时候反正全世界都要到中国，他们可以为所欲为，让世界去容忍他们的做法，而他们自已则不用从根本上改变自己的行为，”肖说。
中国官员后来对殴打事件道歉。
[b]污染[/b]
中国申办奥运会的第三个承诺就是治理污染。虽然政府的数据表明从中国获得主办权后污染程度下降了，但是污染状况仍经常性的超出世卫组织的标准。而且至少有一个总部在美国的环境咨询人员相信中国一直故意的操纵自己的污染数据以给人以污染情况有所改善的假象。
“北京的公开空气质量报告一直是一场误报行为，”Steven Q. Andrews 说。Andrews是一个有关中国空气质量的科学报告的作者，同时还是华尔街日报亚洲版有关此话题的两个观点社论的作者。
Andrews 说最近两年来“蓝天日”数量有所增长是因为政府在2006年关闭了北京交通密集区的两个空气质量监控站。
蓝天项目是由政府在中国大城市设立的测量可接受污染水平的系统。“蓝天日”的标准仍然低于许多工业化国家认为的空气质量好的标准。
当这个项目月1998年启动时，北京每年只有100个“蓝天日”，但是去年，这个数字增加到了246个。中国官方媒体欢呼说这是一个巨大的改善。
《时代》杂志报道说，当被问及空气监控系统被关闭的指控时，北京环保局副局长杜少中（音译）说“这种情况根本不存在。”
对于CNN的采访要求，中国官员没有做反应。
虽然中国官员保证比赛时空气的安全程度，但是运动员和观众还是对整个北京城的浓重烟雾表示担心。
美国肺器官协会甚至对出席奥运的人发布一项警告。“到现场出席2008年奥运会的个人应当为北京室外的高浓度污染物质做好计划和准备。。。并限制或者避免室外运动。”，这项警告说。
除了指出中国的承诺和实际的改善之间的差别外，CNN采访的批评家在【译者加：中国承诺改善的】三个主要方面的问题上都有同样的感觉：失望。
“中国政府真正失去了一个向世界表明它相信它自己的人民的一个重要机会。。。而相信自己的人民是中国准备好步入世界一流国家行列的一个标志。”大赦国际的Zarifi说。
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